Pengaruh Attentional Control terhadap Working Memory pada Mahasiswa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37481/jmh.v6i3.2158Keywords:
Working Memory, Attentional Control, Smartphone Notification, Digital Distraction, Collage StudentAbstract
The rapid advancement of digital technology has led to increased smartphone distraction among university students, particularly through notifications that disrupt learning activities. Such distractions potentially impair attentional control, which plays a critical role in working memory processes. This study aims to investigate the impact of smartphone notification interruptions on students' working memory. Using a quantitative experimental approach with a between-subjects design, this study involved undergraduate students aged 18–25, who were assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. The stimulus consisted of 15 meaningful words presented sequentially over approximately 45 seconds. The experimental group received three chat notification interruptions during the stimulus presentation, whereas the control group experienced no distractions. Following the presentation, participants underwent a one-minute retention interval before being asked to recall and write down as many words as possible using the free recall method. An Independent Samples t-Test revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups, t(28) = -3.54, p = 0.001. The experimental group achieved a lower recall score (M = 3.40; SD = 1.18) compared to the control group (M = 5.40; SD = 1.84). These findings demonstrate that smartphone notification interruptions can disrupt attentional control and diminish working memory performance in university students.
References
Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(11), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
Cremona, M. A., Stirk, J. A., & Hayne, H. (2020). Working memory and verbal free recall in early adulthood. Memory, 28(6), 746–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1767214
Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00160
Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00160
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Kowialiewski, B., & Majerus, S. (2020). The relationship between working memory and episodic memory: Contributions from immediate serial recall and free recall paradigms. Psychological Research, 84(7), 1886–1901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01189-6
Leist, A. K., Klee, A., & Bährer-Kohler, S. (2023). Smartphone use and cognitive functioning: A systematic review of recent evidence. Current Psychology, 42(18), 15496–15512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02881-7
Liu, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J., & Chen, H. (2023). Smartphone-related attentional interference and cognitive performance among young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1187654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187654
Monteiro, J., Fernandes, B., Oliveira, T., & Gomes, A. (2024). OpenWMB: An open-source battery for assessing working memory and attention processes. Behavior Research Methods, 56(2), 1125–1141. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02135-2
Oberauer, K. (2019). Working memory and attention – A conceptual analysis and review. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.58
Oberauer, K. (2019). Working memory and attention: A conceptual analysis and review. Journal of Cognition, 2(1), Article 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.58
Skowronek, J., Seifert, A., & Lindberg, S. (2023). The mere presence of a smartphone reduces basal attentional performance. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 9363. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36256-4
Skowronek, J., Seifert, A., & Pawlak, M. (2023). Smartphone presence and attentional performance: Evidence from cognitive task experiments. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 11, 100309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100309
Stothart, C., Mitchum, A., & Yehnert, C. (2015). The attentional cost of receiving a cell phone notification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(4), 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000100
Upshaw, C. R., Parnell, J. A., & Roberts, L. D. (2022). Smartphone notifications, cognitive control, and task performance: Examining the impact of digital interruptions on attention. Computers in Human Behavior, 134, 107332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107332
Upshaw, J. D., Stevens, C. E., Jr., Ganis, G., & Zabelina, D. L. (2022). The hidden cost of a smartphone: The effects of smartphone notifications on cognitive control from a behavioral and electrophysiological perspective. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0277220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277220
Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017). Brain drain: The mere presence of one's own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1086/691462
Xu, X., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Zhao, Q. (2024). Digital distraction and working memory performance in university students: The mediating role of attentional control. Computers & Education, 210, 104978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.104978
